LO 7101 ELECTROMAGNETIC THEORY AND APPLICATIONS L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVE:
To educate the students the importance of electromagnetic radiation
UNIT I PROPAGATION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9 Introduction – Maxwell’s equations – plane waves in a dielectric – Poynting vector – complex notation – wave propagation in lossy medium.
UNIT II REFLECTION AND REFRACTION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES 9 Interface of two homogeneous nonabsorbing dielectrics – total internal reflection and evanescent waves – reflection and transmission by a film – extension of two films – interference filters – periodic media – presence of absorbing media: reflection and transmission.
UNIT III WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA 9 Introduction – double refraction – polarization devices – plane waves in anisotropic media – wave refractive index – ray refractive index – ray velocity surface – index ellipsoid – phase velocity and group velocity
UNIT IV ELECTROMAGNETIC ANALYSIS- SIMPLE OPTICAL WAVEGUIDE 9 Introduction – classification of modes for planar waveguide – TE modes in a symmetric step index planar waveguide – TM modes – relative magnitudes – power – radiation modes – excitation – Maxwell’s equations in inhomogeneous media.
UNIT V ANALYSIS OF OPTICAL WAVEGUIDES 9 Quasimodes in planar structure – leakage of power from the core – determination of propagation characteristics – calculation of bending loss – optical fiber – numerical aperture – modal analysis for step index and parabolic index medium – multimodes – modes in an asymmetric planar waveguide – Ray analysis – WKB analysis – coupled mode theory.
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will understand how Maxwell’s electromagnetic wave equations are derived from the basic laws of Physics. Also they will learn to apply electromagnetic wave equations in different media and to analyze the interaction.
REFERENCES:
1. A. Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan, Optical electronics, Cambridge University Press, (2013).
2. M.N.O. Sadiku, Elements of electromagnetics, Oxford Univ. Press., New York (2014).
3. Fawwaz T. Ulaby, Eric Michielssen, Umberto Ravaioli,Fundamentals of applied electromagnetics, Prentice Hall., New York (2014).
4. Ammon Yariv, Quantum Electronics, (3rd Edition), Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi(2012).
5. G. P. Agrawal, Nonlinear fiber optics, Elsevier, Oxford (2013).
6. David J. Griffiths, Introduction to Electromagnetics, Pearson Education, (2013).
LO 7102 LASER ENGINEERING AND APPLICATIONS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students about fabrication and configuration of different lasers
UNIT I GAS LASERS 9
Electrical discharge mechanism – Gas discharge processes, Glow discharge, RF discharge, Hollow cathode discharge and pulsed discharge- Selective Excitation processes in gas discharges-Excitation mechanism - Power supplies for pulsed and CW gas lasers – He-Ne laser, Copper vapour laser, Argon-ion laser, He-Cd laser, He-Se laser. Excitation mechanism - Nitrogen laser - Carbon-dioxide laser - Gas dynamic laser - Excimer laser - Chemical laser - X-ray laser - Free electron laser.
UNIT II SOLID STATE, SEMICONDUCTOR AND LIQUID LASERS 9
Pumping mechanism - Arc lamp - Diode pumping - Cavity configuration - Ruby laser - Nd:YAG; Nd:Glass; Er doped laser, Ti - Sapphire laser – fiber laser - Fiber Raman laser. Intrinsic semiconductor laser - Doped semiconductor - Conduction for laser actions – Injection laser - Threshold current – Homojunction – Hetrojunction. Double hetro- junction lasers - Quantum well laser - Distributed feedback laser - Liquid lasers - Organic dyes - Pulsed-CW dye laser - Threshold condition - Configuration - Tuning methods.
UNIT III ULTRA SHORT PULSE GENERATION AND MEASUREMENT 9
Nano second pulse generation- Pico,nano,femto and atto second pulse generation - Q-switching: methods - Cavity damping - Mode locking – Configurations – Methods of detection and measurement of ultrashort pulses.
UNIT IV METROLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 9
CW and Pulsed laser beam characteristics and its measurements- Beam focusing effects-spot size-Power and Energy density Measurements-Distance measurement - Interferometric techniques – Calibration Methods -LIDARS - Theory and different experimental arrangements - Pollution monitoring by remote sensing - Applications - Laser gyroscope.
UNIT V MATERIAL PROCESSING 9
Models for laser heating - Choice of a laser for material processing - Laser welding, drilling, machining and cutting - Laser surface treatment - Laser vapour deposition - Thin film applications.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will explain the engineering principles and working of different types of lasers and their applications.
REFERENCES:
1. R.B. Laud. Lasers and Non linear optics. New Age International (P) Ltd. New Delhi. (2011).
2. Walter Koechner. Solid State Lasers Engineering. Springer Verlag, New York. (2010).
3. J. Verdeyen. Laser Electronics. Prentice Hall (1994).
4. Alphan Sennaroglu.Photonics and Laser Engineering: Principles, Devices, and Applications. McGraw-Hill Professional (2010)
5. K.R.Nambiar. Lasers: Principles, Types and Applications. New Age International (P) Ltd. Publishers, New Delhi. (2009).
LO 7103 MATERIALS FOR OPTICAL DEVICES L T P C 3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students to understand about various materials available for fabricating optical devices
UNIT I OPTICAL PROCESSES 9
Refractive index and dispersion – transmission, reflection and absorption of light – glass and amorphous materials – optical material for UV and IR. Semiconductors: electron-hole pair formation and recombination – absorption in semiconductors – radiation in semiconductors – Augur recombination- photoluminescence – electroluminescent process – choice of LED materials.
UNIT II LASER CRYSTALS 9
Spectroscopy of laser crystals – laser crystals for high gain – crystal growth and characterization.
UNIT III OPTICS OF ANISOTROPIC CRYSTALS 9
Biaxial, uniaxial crystals – double refraction – index ellipsoid – optical activity – nonlinear optical crystals – liquid crystals – photorefractive materials – theory of photorefractivity – application of photorefractive materials.
UNIT IV SEMICONDUCTORS 9
Band gap modification by alloying optical properties of quantum well, quantum wire and quantum dot structures – photonic band gap (PBG) materials – growth of PBG materials – light transmission in PBG materials.
UNIT V OPTICS OF THIN FILMS 9
Reflection, transmission and absorption in thin films – antireflection (AR) coating: single layer AR coating – double layer AR coatings – multilayer AR coatings – inhomogeneous AR coatings. Reflection coatings: metal reflectors – all dielectric reflectors. Interference filters: edge filters – band pass filters – Fabry-Perot filters – multicavity filters – thin film polarizers – beam splitters – thin film optical integrated structures and devices.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will explain the principles of optical properties of materials and device applications.
REFERENCES:
1. Pallab Bhattacharya, Semiconductor optoelectronic devices. PHI Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2009). 2. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich. Fundamentals of photonics. Wiley India Pvt Ltd. (2012)
3. Walter Koechner. Solid State Lasers Engineering. Springer Verlag, New York (2010).
4. R.W. Munn and C.N. Ironsid. Nonlinear optical materials. Springer, Berlin (2013).
5. George I. Stegeman and Robert A. Stegeman.Nonlinear Optics: Phenomena, Materials and Devices. Wiley, New Jersey (2012).
6. Ammon Yariv. Quantum Electronics. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2012).
7. A. Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan. Optical electronics. Cambridge University Press (2013).
8. Mark Fox. Optical properties of solids. Oxford University Press (2010).
LO 7105 OPTOELECTRONICS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Educating the students the basics of semiconductor optoelectronics
UNIT I REVIEW OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE PHYSICS 9
Energy bands in solids, the E-k diagram, Density of states, Occupation probability, Fermi level and quasi Fermi levels, p-n junctions, Schottky junction and Ohmic contacts. Semiconductor optoelectronic materials, Bandgap modification, Heterostructures and Quantum Wells.
UNIT II SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTON SOURCES 9
Rates of emission and absorption, Condition for amplification by stimulated emission, the laser amplifier. Electroluminescence. The LED: Device structure, materials and characteristics. The Semiconductor Laser: Basic structure, theory and device characteristics; direct current modulation. Quantum-well lasers; DFB-, DBR- and vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL); Laser diode arrays.Semiconductor optical amplifiers (SOA), SOA characteristics and their applications.
UNIT III SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTODETECTORS AND SOLAR CELLS 9
Types of photodetectors, Photoconductors, Single junction under illumination: photon and carrierloss mechanisms, Noise in photodetection; Photodiodes, PIN diodes and APDs: structure, materials, characteristics, and device performance. Photo-transistors and CCDs – Noise in photodetectors – photovoltaic device principles – PN junction photovoltaic characteristics – temperature effects – solar cells materials, devices and efficiencies.
UNIT IV OPTOELECTRONIC MODULATION AND SWITCHING DEVICES 9
Analog and digital modulation – Franz-Keldysh and Stark effect modulators – quantum well electoabsorption modulators. Optical switching and logic devices: self-electro-optic device – bipolar controller-modualtor – switching speed and energy.
UNIT V OPTOELECTRONIC INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 9 Hybrid and monolithic integration – applications of Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits (OEICs) – materials and processing for OEICs – integrated transmitters and receivers – guided wave devices – optical interconnects.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will explain about the principles of semiconductors, optical processes in semiconductors and working of optoelectronic devices.
REFERENCES:
1. Pallab Bhattacharya. Semiconductor optoelectronic devices.PHI Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi (2009).
2. S.O. Kasap. Optoelectronics and photonics. Pearson, New Delhi (2013).
3. C.R. Pollock. Fundamentals of optoelectronics. Irwin, Chicago (1995).
4. J. Wilson. Optoelectronics: An Introduction. Prentice-Hall (1997).
5. Ammon Yariv. Quantum Electronics. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi (2012).
6. A. Ghatak and K. Thiagarajan. Optical electronics. Cambridge University Press (2013).
7. B.E.A. Saleh and M.C. Teich. Fundamentals of photonics. Wiley India Pvt Ltd. (2012) 8. Jasprit Singh. Semiconductor optoelectronics: Physics and Technology. McGraw-Hill (1995).
9. E. Rosencher, B.Vinter and P. G. Piva. Optoelectronics. Cambridge University Press (2002).
LO 7106 PRINCIPLES OF OPTICS AND LASERS L T P C
3 0 0 3
OBJECTIVE:
Teaching the students about the principles of optics and lasers
UNIT I APPLIED OPTICS 9
Wave equation – linearly polarized waves – circularly and elliptically polarized waves – physics of lenses – types of lenses – two beam interference – multiple reflections from a plane parallel film – modes of the Fabry-Perot cavity – spatial and temporal coherence – propagation and diffraction of a Gaussian beam.
UNIT II RADIATION IN A CAVITY 9
Black body radiation - Modes of oscillation - Einstein coefficients - relation between the absorption coefficients and Einstein coefficients - Lifetime of excited state- decay of excited states, Line Broadening mechanisms – quantum mechanical description of radiating atoms, molecules in gas, liquid & solid phase, selection rules for atoms and molecules, Spectral notation.
UNIT III INTRODUCTION TO LASERS 9
Condition for producing laser - population inversion, gain and gain saturation – saturation intensity - Threshold condition – requirements for obtaining population inversion – 2,3 and 4 level systems – steady state and transient population processes – variation of laser power around threshold – optimum output coupling conditions for CW and pulsed laser action.
UNIT IV CAVITY OPTICS AND LASER MODES 9 Requirements for a resonator – gain and loss in a cavity – resonator as an interferometer – longitudinal modes – wavelength selection in multiline lasers – single frequency operation – characterization of resonator – resonator stability for Guassian beams – common cavity configurations. Spatial energy distributions: Transverse modes and limiting modes – resonator alignment – gain and saturation effects.
UNIT V Q-SWITCHING, MODE LOCKING AND COHERENCE OF LASERS 9 Concept of Q-switching and experimental methods – intracavity switches – energy storage in laser media – pulse power and energy – cavity dumping - Theory of Mode locking and experimental methods - Spatial and Temporal coherence - Auto and mutual correlation function - Analytical treatment of Visibility.
TOTAL: 45 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will discuss the basic theory of optics, lasers, importance of optical resonators and different methods of laser beam control.
REFERENCES:
1. K. Thyagarajan and A. Ghatak. Lasers: Fundamentals and applications. Springer, New York (2010).
2. Ammon Yariv. Quantum Electronics. Wiley India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi (2012).
3. J. Verdeyen. Laser Electronics. Prentice Hall, (1994).
4. O.Svelto. Laser Physics. Springer, New York (2010).
5. Mark Steven Csele. Fundamentals of light sources and lasers. Wiley Interscience, New Jersey (2004).
LO 7104 MATHEMATICAL PHYSICS FOR OPTICAL ENGINEERING L T P C
4 0 0 4
OBJECTIVE:
To prepare the students to apply mathematics in real Physics problems
UNIT I VECTORS AND TENSORS 12
Gauss divergence theorem – Stokes’s theorem – Green’s theorem – applications to electromagnetic field – definition of tensors – algebra of Cartesian tensors – outer product contraction and quotient theorems – Kronecker & Levi-Civita tensors – example – applications in physics – crystal optics.
UNIT II PROBABILITY AND RANDOM VARIABLES 12 Introduction -sets -probability and relative frequency -random variables -cumulative distribution functions and probability density functions -ensemble average and moments - binomial, poisson, uniform, Gaussian and sinusoidal distributions -functional transformations of random variables multivariate statistics -central limit theorem (statement and applications) - power spectral density -dc and rms values for ergodic random processes.
UNIT III FOURIER TRANSFORMATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 12
Fourier series -Fourier transform and spectra -Parseval's theorem -Dirac delta function – unit step function -two dimensional signals -Fresnel & Fraunhofer diffraction -examples FT by lens– point source -single slit, double slit-circular aperture -cosine grating - coherent optical filtering - holographic filters - discrete Fourier transform.
UNIT IV SPECIAL FUNCTIONS 12
Beta and Gamma functions -Legendre, Bessel, Hermite and Lagurre polynomials - generating functions -recurrence relations, orthogonal relations, associated polynomials and their properties confluent hyper geometric functions and their properties.
UNIT V DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS 12
Linear and nonlinear oscillators – autonomous and non-autonomous systems – classification of equilibrium points – bifurcations and chaos – chaos in a model laser system – linear and nonlinear dispersive waves – Nonlinear Schrodinger equation in optical fibers - solitary wave solutions and basic solitons, Nonlinear Schrodinger equation: envelope soliton, Hiroto’s method, IST method. Numerical analysis: Euler method and 4thorder Runge-Kutta method for solving differential equations –finite difference and finite element analysis methods for solving partial differential equations. TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will explain the basic mathematical methods including dynamical systems theory for applying them in real Physics problems.
REFERENCES:
1. E. Kreyszig. Advanced engineering mathematics. Wiley-India, New Delhi (2011).
2. Peter V.O’Neil. Advanced engineering mathematics. Cengage (2012).
3. M.D.Greenberg. Advanced engineering mathematics. Pearson, NewDehli (2009). 4. K. F. Riley, M.P. Hobson and S.J. Bence. Mathematical methods for physics and Engineering. Cambridge Univ. Press, NewDelhi (2010).
5. Leon W. Couch. Digital and analog communication systems. Pearson Education, New Delhi (2013 ).
6. W-Lauterborn. T. Kurz and M. Wiesenfeldt. Coherent optics and applications. Springer. Berlin (1995).
7. M. Lakshmanan and S. Rajasekar. Nonlinear dynamics: Integrability, chaos and patterns. Springer. Berlin (2003).
8. M.Lakshmanan and K. Murali. Chaos in nonlinear oscillators: Controlling and Synchronization. World Scientific, Singapore (1996).
LO 7111 LASER LABORATORY - I L T P C
0 0 4 2
OBJECTIVE:
To carry out different diffraction and interference based experiments using optical devices and lasers.
Any ten experiments
1. Measurement of Brewster angle and the refractive index of a transparent material.
2. Studies on lenses
3. Study of magneto-optic rotation and magneto-optic modulation.
4. Kerr Effect Study
5. Measurement of Spatial and Temporal Coherence
6. Fraunhofer Diffraction Experiments
7. Fourier Filtering Experiments
8. Effect of Polarization on Interference
9. Acoustical Modulator
10. Gas laser design
11. Transversely Pumped Dye Lasers
12. Longitudinally Pumped Dye Lasers
13. Holographic Recording and Reconstruction
14. Speckle Photography
15. Construction of an optical phototransistor switch
16. Construction of low-intensity, high-intensity LED circuits.
17. Study of white, high-intensity red and IR light on a phototransistor and a photovoltaic cell.
18. Construction of optical transmitter and receiver circuits.`
19. Fiber Communication Installation Procedure
20. Setting up of Fiber Optic Analog Link
21. Setting up of Fiber Optic Digital Link
22. Measurement of Losses in Optical Fiber
23. Measurement of Numerical Aperture
24. Time Division Multiplexing of Signals
TOTAL: 60 PERIODS
OUTCOME:
The students will demonstrate the principles of diffraction, interference and fiber optics.
